ktime accessors

Device drivers can read the current time using ktime_get() and the many related functions declared in linux/timekeeping.h. As a rule of thumb, using an accessor with a shorter name is preferred over one with a longer name if both are equally fit for a particular use case.

Basic ktime_t based interfaces

The recommended simplest form returns an opaque ktime_t, with variants that return time for different clock references:

ktime_t ktime_get(void)

CLOCK_MONOTONIC

Useful for reliable timestamps and measuring short time intervals accurately. Starts at system boot time but stops during suspend.

ktime_t ktime_get_boottime(void)

CLOCK_BOOTTIME

Like ktime_get(), but does not stop when suspended. This can be used e.g. for key expiration times that need to be synchronized with other machines across a suspend operation.

ktime_t ktime_get_real(void)

CLOCK_REALTIME

Returns the time in relative to the UNIX epoch starting in 1970 using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), same as gettimeofday() user space. This is used for all timestamps that need to persist across a reboot, like inode times, but should be avoided for internal uses, since it can jump backwards due to a leap second update, NTP adjustment settimeofday() operation from user space.

ktime_t ktime_get_clocktai(void)

CLOCK_TAI

Like ktime_get_real(), but uses the International Atomic Time (TAI) reference instead of UTC to avoid jumping on leap second updates. This is rarely useful in the kernel.

ktime_t ktime_get_raw(void)

CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW

Like ktime_get(), but runs at the same rate as the hardware clocksource without (NTP) adjustments for clock drift. This is also rarely needed in the kernel.

nanosecond, timespec64, and second output

For all of the above, there are variants that return the time in a different format depending on what is required by the user:

u64 ktime_get_ns(void)

u64 ktime_get_boottime_ns(void)

u64 ktime_get_real_ns(void)

u64 ktime_get_clocktai_ns(void)

u64 ktime_get_raw_ns(void)

Same as the plain ktime_get functions, but returning a u64 number of nanoseconds in the respective time reference, which may be more convenient for some callers.

void ktime_get_ts64(struct timespec64*)

void ktime_get_boottime_ts64(struct timespec64*)

void ktime_get_real_ts64(struct timespec64*)

void ktime_get_clocktai_ts64(struct timespec64*)

void ktime_get_raw_ts64(struct timespec64*)

Same above, but returns the time in a ‘struct timespec64’, split into seconds and nanoseconds. This can avoid an extra division when printing the time, or when passing it into an external interface that expects a ‘timespec’ or ‘timeval’ structure.

time64_t ktime_get_seconds(void)

time64_t ktime_get_boottime_seconds(void)

time64_t ktime_get_real_seconds(void)

time64_t ktime_get_clocktai_seconds(void)

time64_t ktime_get_raw_seconds(void)

Return a coarse-grained version of the time as a scalar time64_t. This avoids accessing the clock hardware and rounds down the seconds to the full seconds of the last timer tick using the respective reference.

Coarse and fast_ns access

Some additional variants exist for more specialized cases:

ktime_t ktime_get_coarse(void)

ktime_t ktime_get_coarse_boottime(void)

ktime_t ktime_get_coarse_real(void)

ktime_t ktime_get_coarse_clocktai(void)

u64 ktime_get_coarse_ns(void)

u64 ktime_get_coarse_boottime_ns(void)

u64 ktime_get_coarse_real_ns(void)

u64 ktime_get_coarse_clocktai_ns(void)

void ktime_get_coarse_ts64(struct timespec64*)

void ktime_get_coarse_boottime_ts64(struct timespec64*)

void ktime_get_coarse_real_ts64(struct timespec64*)

void ktime_get_coarse_clocktai_ts64(struct timespec64*)

These are quicker than the non-coarse versions, but less accurate, corresponding to CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE and CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE in user space, along with the equivalent boottime/tai/raw timebase not available in user space.

The time returned here corresponds to the last timer tick, which may be as much as 10ms in the past (for CONFIG_HZ=100), same as reading the ‘jiffies’ variable. These are only useful when called in a fast path and one still expects better than second accuracy, but can’t easily use ‘jiffies’, e.g. for inode timestamps. Skipping the hardware clock access saves around 100 CPU cycles on most modern machines with a reliable cycle counter, but up to several microseconds on older hardware with an external clocksource.

u64 ktime_get_mono_fast_ns(void)

u64 ktime_get_raw_fast_ns(void)

u64 ktime_get_boot_fast_ns(void)

u64 ktime_get_real_fast_ns(void)

These variants are safe to call from any context, including from a non-maskable interrupt (NMI) during a timekeeper update, and while we are entering suspend with the clocksource powered down. This is useful in some tracing or debugging code as well as machine check reporting, but most drivers should never call them, since the time is allowed to jump under certain conditions.

Deprecated time interfaces

Older kernels used some other interfaces that are now being phased out but may appear in third-party drivers being ported here. In particular, all interfaces returning a ‘struct timeval’ or ‘struct timespec’ have been replaced because the tv_sec member overflows in year 2038 on 32-bit architectures. These are the recommended replacements:

void ktime_get_ts(struct timespec*)

Use ktime_get() or ktime_get_ts64() instead.

void do_gettimeofday(struct timeval*)

void getnstimeofday(struct timespec*)

void getnstimeofday64(struct timespec64*)

void ktime_get_real_ts(struct timespec*)

ktime_get_real_ts64() is a direct replacement, but consider using monotonic time (ktime_get_ts64()) and/or a ktime_t based interface (ktime_get()/ktime_get_real()).

struct timespec current_kernel_time(void)

struct timespec64 current_kernel_time64(void)

struct timespec get_monotonic_coarse(void)

struct timespec64 get_monotonic_coarse64(void)

These are replaced by ktime_get_coarse_real_ts64() and ktime_get_coarse_ts64(). However, A lot of code that wants coarse-grained times can use the simple ‘jiffies’ instead, while some drivers may actually want the higher resolution accessors these days.

struct timespec getrawmonotonic(void)

struct timespec64 getrawmonotonic64(void)

struct timespec timekeeping_clocktai(void)

struct timespec64 timekeeping_clocktai64(void)

struct timespec get_monotonic_boottime(void)

struct timespec64 get_monotonic_boottime64(void)

These are replaced by ktime_get_raw()/ktime_get_raw_ts64(), ktime_get_clocktai()/ktime_get_clocktai_ts64() as well as ktime_get_boottime()/ktime_get_boottime_ts64(). However, if the particular choice of clock source is not important for the user, consider converting to ktime_get()/ktime_get_ts64() instead for consistency.